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In ancient times arrangements were made for spreading the knowledge of the good runes among all kinds of beings. Odin taught them to his own clan; Dáinn taught them to the Elves; Dvalinn among the dwarfs; Ásvinr (see No. 88) among the giants (Hávamál 143). Even the last-named became participators in the good gift, which, mixed with sacred mead, was sent far and wide, and it has since been among the Asas, among the Elves, among the wise Vans, and among the children of men (Sigurdrífumál 18). The above-named Dvalinn, who taught the runes to his clan of ancient artists, is the father of daughters, who, together with dises of Asa and Vana birth, are in possession of bjargrúnar, and employ them in the service of man (Fáfnismál 12-13).
To men the beneficent runes came through the same god who as a child came with the sheaf of grain and the tools to Scandia. Hence the belief current among the Franks and Saxons that the alphabet of the Teutons, like the Teutons themselves, was of northern origin. Rígsþula expressly presents Heimdal as teaching runes to the people whom he blessed by his arrival in Midgard. The noble-born are particularly his pupils in runic lore. Of Heimdal's grandson, the son of Jarl-Borgar, named Konr-Halfdan, it is said (Rígsþula 43-44):
En Konr ungr
kunni rúnar ćvinrúnar
ok
aldrrúnar;
meir kunni hann
mönnum bjarga,
eggjar
deyfa, ćgi lćgja.
Klök nam fugla,
kyrra elda,
sćfa ok
svefja,
sorgir lćgja. |
But Kon the young
had knowledge of runes,
runes of
eternity,
runes of earthly life.
Well he knew also,
how to
deliver men,
blunt sword-edges,
and subdue the ocean.
Bird-song he learned,
and how to quench
fire,
to sooth and comfort,
and drive away sorrow. |
The fundamental character of this rune-lore bears distinctly the stamp of nobility. The runes of eternity united with those of the earthly life can scarcely have any other reference than to the heathen doctrines concerning religion and morality. These were looked upon as being for all time, and of equal importance to the life hereafter. Together with physical runes with magic power - that is, runes that gave their possessors power over the hostile forces of nature - we find runes intended to serve the cause of sympathy and mercy.
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